Lee Scott s That Deadman Dance Begins With Bobby...

Kim Scott’s That Deadman Dance begins with Bobby Wabalanginy’s poetic imagination illustrating the Australian ocean shore (Scott, 1-5). Throughout the whole novel, the landscapes of Australia are described by an Aboriginal entertainer, Bobby, who tells his story through the eyes of both the natives and British settlers, depicting two very different portraits of the land; a bountiful home and a deadly unknown place. Similarly, Kate Greenville’s Secret River describes Australia as a harsh environment in the point-of-view of her protagonist; a reluctant colonist called William Thornhill. This essay will focus on the descriptions of Australian landscapes in the views of two different communities: of the inhabitants of this land and of the new settlers, and how this influences their interaction with living in this country. Then, it will discuss how appropriation of the land by the British colonists influenced the environment and how the settlements affected both the settlers and the natives. For the men who came from ‘over the horizon’ (Kim Scott, 61), the Australian landscape was vast and yet Gothic—it was a strange, harsh environment. At the start of That Deadman Dance, when the Chaine family first arrives to Australia, the land is described as if to dominate them. The rocks â€Å"rose majestically from the sea†, some â€Å"balanced high above, some perversely shaped†, and â€Å"ready to roll† and crush the boat. â€Å"The passengers looked around nervously, wanting to recognize the scent of

The Great Communicator - Ronald Reagan - 2566 Words

â€Å"My fellow Americans, I’m pleased to tell you today that I’ve signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes.† Ronald Reagan during a microphone check, unaware that he was on air. (NPR Audio, NPR.org) The Russians were not pleased, to say the least. In some of the darkest days of the Cold War, in 1984, no world leader was smiling. The world was on the brink nuclear annihilation. To show humor was a sign of weakness. However, in all the darkness that surrounded the world at this time, one man’s bright smile and wit shined through; Ronald Reagan. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in 1911 in Tampico, Illinois on February 6th, 1911 to John Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan. His beginnings were tough, like†¦show more content†¦It established Reagan as a strong political force and less than six months later, he was asked to run for governor by a republican group. At first, Reagan resisted heavily. He refused for several weeks before finally giving in, the temptation too great. The energy he was known for, several years ago, had returned with force. He ran for governor in 1966. It was a landslide victory. For the next eight years, Reagan would continue testing the waters of the Presidency, while he was Governor of California. Choosing not to seek a third term, Reagan began to seek out a higher goal. The Presidency of the United States. Reagan first challenged President Gerald Ford to become Candidate for President in 1976. Ford, being considerably more moderate, beat Reagan narrowly, however failed to acquire the Presidency itself, losing it to Jimmy Carter. However, in 1980, Jimmy Carter had struggled for 12 months to free American Hostages in Iran. With high inflation and the economy tanking, Carter’s plea-bargaining attempts with the American Public didn’t help him win a second term. Reagan began his plan for rebuilding the future of America, first off, by teaching them how to dream again. His own dreams were that of individual enterprise and a government with less control over its people. When Carter was defeated by a landslide, it was called the â€Å"ReaganShow MoreRelatedThe Great Communicator : Ronald Reagan1300 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Dowling The Great Communicator The year is 1980. America is in a slump. Unemployment rate is at an all-time high, families and the economy are still recovering from the Vietnam War, and are suffering from the failure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. The U.S. economy is in the worst state it has been in since the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the countryRead MoreThe Great Communicator By Ronald Reagan1491 Words   |  6 PagesAs stated in an article from Newsmakers, Ronald Reagan was known as â€Å"the Great Communicator† because he was able to clearly speak to the public due to his unusual experiences before presidency (Newsmakers). Every president of the United States has a unique story, but Reagan possessed many remarkable characteristics. Today, many people recognize Reagan as a former president, but few know about the struggles he faced and his success before p residency; his political party transition, handling economicRead More Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages Ronald Reagan is known as the Great Communicator by many. In 1992, as he delivered a speech at the Republican Convention, one would not doubt his excellence in public speaking. He demonstrated superiority of speech and was easy to critique because of the situation, the content of his speech, his credibility, and his delivery. The Republican Convention was held in support to reelect Republican Candidates President Bush and Vice President Quayle. There was an extremely large audienceRead MorePresident Ronald Reagan was the Great Communicator654 Words   |  3 PagesRonald Reagan â€Å"Great Communicator† was born on February 6th, 1911. He is considered by many to be the most successful president after FDR. He enjoyed many careers including lifeguard, movie star, union leader, and politician. He held office from January 1981 to January 1989. Never in history has there been a president with his kind of background. Reagan saw America as a good place he believed in balanced budgets but never submitted one. He hated nuclear weapons but built so many. He would wrightRead MoreRonald Reagan, The Great Communicator Of The United States Of America Essay2033 Words   |  9 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan, the great communicator of the United States of America began his legacy of embodying the conservative move ment during one of the most famous speeches in American history. Before Ronald Reagan became the fortieth president of the United States, he began his switch from acting and movies to government and politics. Early in Reagan’s career he saw himself as a democrat, with Theodore Roosevelt as his hero. This would change thru his acting and professional career as Ronald ReaganRead MoreBest Vs. Worst Communicators967 Words   |  4 PagesBest vs. Worst Communicators Throughout history the careers of prominent men and women have been elevated or destroyed by the way they communicate a message to their particular audience. Looking at the best versus worst communicators two people come to mind, former United States President Ronald Reagan and the former Chief Executive Officer of British Petroleum (BP) Tony Hayward, respectively. Both of these men exhibited certain attributes that affected the way that audiences received the messagesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis: Rhetorical Analysis:1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Rhetorical Analysis: President Ronald Reagan s Farwell Address Rhetorical Analysis: Reagan s Farwell Address Ronald Reagan s Farewell Address was an amazing example of conveying the fundamentals for freedom through an emotional and visual lesson. It is no wonder that the president known as the great communicator was successful in painting for us a picture of who we were, past and present, and the improvements in the areas of strength, securityRead MoreRonald Reagan Leadership808 Words   |  4 Pagestrait approach. Also known as great man theories, it was developed to explain how traits influenced leadership. This theory suggested that certain people were born with special traits that made them great leaders. (Bass,1990; Jago,1982). For this applied leadership mini paper I chose Ronald Reagan as my leader. Through this paper I would like to enlighten how the Trait approach theory helps me to analyze him as a successful leader. â€Å"In his lifetime, Ronald Reagan was such a cheerful and invigoratingRead MoreRonald Reagan Is The Most Influential Man Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 Pagesfailure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. The U.S. economy is in the worst state it has been in since the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the country inside out, and make the world a better place to live in. Considered the best president of his century, Ronald Reagan is the most influential man of the 1980’s because he abolished communism by ending the Cold War, developedRead MoreTools for Analyzing Dimensions of Language and Persuasive Symbols1317 Words   |  5 Pagessimultaneously. There are many tools for analyzing persuasive symbols, many of which should be utilized when analyzing great communicators such as President Ronald Reagan. In response to the Space Sh uttle Challenger explosion on January 28th, 1986 where seven brave American’s gave their life. President Ronald Reagan made history with his famous speech, which didn’t only serve to address the great tragedy but served as a focal point of comfort for the grieving nation. He commemorated the seven heroes who

Miss Bridget Free Essays

It has been stressed that, in the 19th Century, if any women, Irish, Chinese, Jew or Japanese, wanted to go to America, it would be best if they were married. Irish women in America were not as bent on marriage as much as other nationalities; in fact, Irish women preferred to stay single. A single Irish domestic servant then living in America was called a â€Å"Miss Bridget†. We will write a custom essay sample on Miss Bridget or any similar topic only for you Order Now Irish women preferred being a domestic servant to being married because, as a servant, they would have shelter, food, and financial security and need nothing else. Marriage, therefore, was not the option for Irish women in the 19th Century. Nineteenth-century women, in general, were viewed as dependent on men for refuge, food, and economic support. Throughout their lives, women were being dependent, initially to their fathers and then to their husbands- raising this question: â€Å"Is there anyone who will depend on the women†? This is one reason why women want to get married, for them to experience how it feels like when someone, like their children, depend on them. Generally, for any culture or race, women primarily marry to start a new family. Other possible reasons include money, protection, and shelter. The Chinese were the first immigrants restricted by race and class to go to America. As a result, it was then very difficult for Chinese women to go there; however, almost all Chinese families still wanted to migrate to America for promises of better opportunities than China could offer. The Chinese families, therefore, influenced their women to get married in order to increase their chances of migration. Consequently, since Chinese women wanted to keep their families happy, like Wong Ah So, they would want to get married in order to obey their parents’ wishes. Southern Ladies (white women), however, did marry because who would not want to marry rich white men? The husband would have nannies/maids in the house who would take care of the kids, cook for the family, and clean the house. The only concern a wife then would have to deal with was making sure the servants were doing their work. After marriage, women were to find out that their marital situations were not in congruence with their expectations or not like the way they thought it would be, particularly because of their culture. When Rachel Calof lived with her Aunt, she met a young boy, a butcher who liked her very much, but her grandfather did not give that boy a chance to go out with her. â€Å"He stated that my marriage to a butcher would defame the family name forever† (Calof 8). Her family’s culture made it impossible for her to marry the butcher. For Irish women, their culture and status shaped their expectations of marriage. For instance, being from the lower echelons of society would mean having no expectations of marriage. The best option in this case would then be to become a nun since the Church provided shelter, protection, money, and food. They would even have the chance to help the Irish community. From the beginning, society viewed women as daughters of Eve, so as time progressed, it seemed like society and/or men molded women into beings it/they wanted them to be. For decades, women have been viewed negatively and no one expected or wanted women to take charge. All that women hoped for was for the time to come when they would earn society’s respect and acquire an equal treatment with men.   Since women’s social value was rooted on motherhood, if they wanted society to view them as perfect Americans, wives had to support the American Revolution, raise funds for the American soldiers, demonstrate loyalty, and teach their children loyalty to their country, especially the boys. To be â€Å"True Women† in the 19th Century, they had to be sexually pure, religious, domestic, and submissive.   It was a wife’s responsibility to her husband to be a â€Å"true woman† and to respect and not question the husband’s actions and decisions. In a typical home, the father was the head of the house and the provider of food, clothing, shelter, and protection. The child was supposed to obey and respect his/her father at all times.   Abigail Adams, John Adams’s wife, was involved behind the scenes in his political career and reminded him after the Declaration of Independence to acknowledge women’s role in the American Revolution. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, another woman, also tried to resolve these conflicts and wrote the Declaration of Sentiments. She spoke at the Seneca Falls Convention Center saying, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† (Stanton 214). After Stanton delivered this speech, everyone was surprised for she modified a word from the Declaration of Independence. Had it not been for women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton or Lucretia Mott, today’s women would still be viewed as daughters of Eve. In conclusion, marriage in the 19th Century had its advantages and disadvantages. Women were better off being married because of their over-reliance on men and for better chances of survival. The advantages of being married then included having shelter, food, protection, financial support, and a family. The Japanese culture would be a good illustration here- when Japanese men wanted to get married, they had to prove to the Japanese Government that they were prepared to get married and financially ready to raise a family. A Japanese woman was never required to prove to the Government her financial capability; all a woman had to do was show up and get married. Even though women would not have a voice in the house after being married, having a place to stay when they grow old would be an ample consolation.             How to cite Miss Bridget, Essay examples

Ashes Ashes We All Fall Down Essay free essay sample

Ashs, Ashes, We All Fall Down Essay, Research Paper Bubonic Plague I buried with my ain custodies five of my kids in a individual grave. No bells. No cryings. This is the terminal of the universe. ( Deaux, 1969 ) These are the words of Italian writer Agniol di Tura, but they reflect the emotions of an full state in the 1300 s. It was at that clip that Europe was struck by the hardest blow that a pestilence would of all time swing. The Bubonic Plague hit Europe with a fierceness that could neer hold been predicted. Spread of the Plague Through Europe The spread of the Bubonic Plague in the 14th century happened rapidly as a consequence of hapless life conditions, trade paths and ignorance of the disease. The first reported instance of the pestilence was in 543 when it hit Constantinople. ( Hecker, 1992 ) This was a minor eruption and there were others similar to it, but since no one knew where it came from and so few were deceasing from it, no 1 took the clip to happen out. But so in 1334, an epidemic struck the northeasterly Chinese state of Hopei that people couldn t ignore. It killed up to 90 % of the population- around 5,000,000 people. ( Armstrong, 1981 ) This caught people s attending, but by so it was excessively tardily. Sadly, some of the events that aided the rapid spread of the Plague could hold been avoided. In 1347, in the southern Ukraine near the Black Sea, the native people began deceasing of a cryptic disease. They suffered from concerns, failing, and many staggered when they tried to walk. But most evidently, each carried a common hallmark of the plague- they all began to develop big puffinesss of the lymph nodes in the inguen and underhand countries. Fear and choler at the disease gave manner to accusal. The indigens of the country pointed the incrimination for their expletive at the Italian bargainers who traveled in and out of their ports. Convinced that they were the ground for their agony, the indigens attacked the ports. After a hebdomad of combat, the indigens found their soldiers deceasing of the disease. Hoping to infect the Italians, the indigens used slingshots that where usually reserved for big bowlders or dead animate beings to throw dead or deceasing organic structures of those infected with the pestilence over the barrier. They succeeded. When the bargainers fled to Sicily, they carried the pestilence with them. ( Strayer, 1972 ) The pestilence foremost arrived in Messina, Sicily in October 1347, but it would non halt at that place. Aware of the rate at which the pestilence would distribute, the Sicilian functionaries tried to incorporate the disease by coercing the 12 work forces on board who were left alive to remain on the ship. But black rats, which carried fleas that where contaminated with the pestilence, managed to acquire off the ship and come in the metropolis. Within eight months, the pestilence had spread throughout the island and the rats which carried the pestilence had boarded ships that were headed for mainland Italy and the remainder of Europe. ( Strayer, 1972 ) Despite the attempts of metropolis functionaries, the pestilence continued to distribute. They had ignored it excessively long, now it was out of their custodies. The pestilence spread through port metropoliss rapidly because it is transmitted by rat fleas. The fleas, which spread the pestilence, would catch the bacteriums from a rat who had already acquired the disease. The bacteriums would so wholly fills the tummy of the flea, doing it so the flea could no longer digest any blood. It would so be so hungry that it would sucks blood into its already full tummy, coercing it to regurgitate, therefore distributing the bacterium. ( Walker, 1992 ) A disease that is spread by rats would likely non present a large job to most topographic points in the 21st century, but in the fourteenth century there were many rats aboard most ships and few people took notice to them, as they were such a common fixture in the dirty life wonts. Because people were so accustomed to them, these gnawers carried the pestilence from port to port with no 1 recognizing that they were the confederate to the disease which was doing the decease of 1000000s. Myths As a consequence of the multitudes that were deceasing, people would readily accept any account of the cause of the pestilence as truth. A physician by the name of Galen had one of the most widely recognized theories. He said that the pestilence was spread by miasmas, or toxicant bluess coming from the swamps which corrupted the air. Peoples were urged to go forth low, boggy countries or at least remain inside their places, covering their Windowss. Because people believed that foul smelling air caused the pestilence, many walked around transporting corsages of flowers to their olfactory organs, believing that this would salvage them from decease. ( Strayer, 1972 ) Some thought that the pestilence could acquire into the organic structure through the pores in their tegument. As a consequence of this, many people refused to bath during the clip of the pestilence, as they felt that rinsing their organic structures would open the pores further, giving the pestilence even more chance to infect them. Though many people chose to accept these theories for their surface value and take the safeguards suggested, few found consolation in them as they watched those around them die. Some people felt that the pestilence had come as a signifier of penalty from God. A group of persons known as the flagellants insisted that it was the wickednesss of adult male that had compelled God to penalize them. Flagellants could be identified by the flagellum that they carried with them. This was a wooden stick with three or four leather pieces attached, each with an inch long spike of Fe at the terminal. The flagellants would run into in the centre of a town and impulse others to fall in them in their rites. Each member would deprive from the waist up and so would get down to flog himself with his flagellum. They did this as a signifier of repentance and believed that God would forgive them and maintain the pestilence from them every bit long as they showed their compunction. This ritual would happen at least one time a twenty-four hours for three yearss before the group would travel on to the following small town where they would being once more, hopefully increasing their Numberss ( Biel, 1989 ) . Some who were seeking for replies joined the flagellants, but they shortly found that they faced the same fate as the remainder. Symptoms The pestilence had many hallmark symptoms, but at first the victim could look to hold a figure of morbid. The first symptoms of the pestilence include concern, sickness, iciness, emesis, and hurting articulations. ( Strayer, 1972 ) These traits are besides common to other diseases, but in a pestilence septic metropolis, anyone who possessed these traits was considered doomed. However, shortly after undertaking the disease, the symptoms would go more obvious. Within a twenty-four hours or two, the puffinesss appeared. They were hard, painful, firing balls on the cervix, under the arm, and besides the interior thighs. Soon they turned black, disconnected unfastened, and began to seep cunt and blood. These puffinesss, called buboes, gave the disease its name and may hold grown to the size of an orange. ( Garrett, 1994 ) The puffinesss appeared because one time a individual became infected, the B, Yersina plague, made its manner into the lymph nodes. There, it would infect and destruct cells of the immune system, and in the procedure, it would besides trip a concatenation of chemical reactions in which the organic structure would try to throw out the encroachers through pustules and furuncles that emerge on the tegument. ( Garrett, 1994 ) Once the bobues appeared, the victim would get down to shed blood internally. Blood vass would interrupt, go forthing the blood underneath the tegument to run free. Once dried, the blood would turn black and leave black blotchs on the victim s tegument. Thus giving the disease it s most popular moniker, Black Death. In most terrible instances, decease would normally occur within two yearss after the bobues had appeared. This, frequently times, was non shortly plenty for the victim. Effectss The Bubonic Plague had a great consequence on households, the church, and besides the outlook of society during the in-between ages. The decease of an estimated 1/3 of the civilised universe in the mid-14th century ( Armstrong, 1981 ) was certain to alter every facet of life for the people populating at that clip. During the pestilence, there was a general diminution in morality, which finally led to the church losing most of it s authorization. In portion, people didn t listen to the church because they didn Ts privation to hear Torahs that they knew wouldn T be carried out. But the chief ground was that many lost religion after watching their friends and household dices such atrocious deceases. The lost religion of the people can be seen through their art. In many plants, alternatively of celestial existences naming the dead to heaven, decease was represented as an aged adult female in a black cloak and wild, snake-like hair.. and a scythe to roll up her victims. ( Strayer, 1983 ) The regulations of the church itself besides changed during the pestilence. Rome announced an exigency relaxation of canonical jurisprudence, allowing the deceasing to squeal aloud to God or to any individual who would listen, even a adult female. ( Deaux, 1969 ) This was announced because functionaries of the church were deceasing off at the same rate as the remainder of the community and people were deceasing without the Sacrament of Penance. In the clip of the pestilence, non merely was faith flips aside, but besides morality as a whole. Italian writer, Boccaccia, wrote about the mortality of the society in the fourteenth century. With so much affliction and wretchedness, all fear for the Torahs, both of God and of adult male, fell apart and dissolved, because the curates and executed of the Torahs were either dead of ailment like everyone else, or were left with so few functionaries that they were unable to make their responsibilities ; as a consequence, everyone was free to make whatever they pleased. ( Biel, 1989 ) Many people felt that decease was inevitable and hence decided to pass nevertheless many yearss they may hold left alive the manner that would most delight them. Many found comfort in traveling from tavern from tavern, imbibing and much as they wished and listening to and speaking merely about pleasant things. Others threw eternal parties in their places and welcomes all who would come. ( Armstrong, 1981 ) These parties were easy to happen because everyone behaved as if they were traveling to decease shortly, so they cared nil about themselves nor their properties. As a consequence, people lost all sense of duty as they felt that all of their properties and finally their lives, every bit good as the lives of those they cared about, would be taken off from them. Despair filled the people with the loss of so many that they loved and many of them went into a province of denial. Such was the hurt that an order was base on ballss that would non let public proclamations of decease because the sick could hear them, and the healthy took fear every bit good as the sick. ( Garret, 1994 ) In fact, in Florence, it was prohibited to even print the figure of the dead for fright that the life would lose hope. ( Biel, 1989 ) Even with these safeguards, the decease of 1000000s could non be hidden from those that survived it. The odor of the dead fill the air and there were few people who could non assist but give up. Most people failed to see value in anything but their life. Peoples were so positive that they would shortly be faced with decease, that ownerships ment nil to them. Many times, fright of the pestilence would be much greater than the desire for ownerships and the houses of the dead, or sometimes those who were merely really ill, would be burned to the land to forestall the spread of the disease. ( Garret, 1994 ) Boccaccia said that such was the figure of houses full of goods that had no proprietor, that it was astonishing. Then the inheritors to this wealth began to turn up. And person who had antecedently had nil all of a sudden found himself rich. ( Biel, 1989 ) Many houses were left vacant after the proprietors died because people thought that everything interior was contaminated with the pestilence. Peoples felt that their wellness was of much more importance than anything that person could posses. As a consequence of the great fright that people had of the pestilence, many households fell apart. Boccaccia talk about this in the debut to his book, The Decameron: The ordeal had so withered the Black Marias of work forces and adult females that brother abandoned brother, and the uncle abandoned his nephew and the sister her brother and many times, married womans abandoned their hubbies, and, what is even more unbelievable and barbarous, female parent and male parents abandoned their kids and would decline to see them. ( Biel, 1989 ) The state of affairss that Boccaccia radius of were non uncommon. Writer Francisco Patriarch said that may people died of hungriness, for when person took ailment to his bed, the other residents in panic told him: I m traveling for the physician ; and softly locked the door from the outside and didn T come back. ( Deaux, 1969 ) The precedences of everyone became rearranged as they all feared for their lives. Peoples cared nil of other people, they merely wanted to populate and they did what they had to make to maintain their lives. One Italian author said that things had reached such a point, that people cared no more for the decease of other people than they did for the decease of a caprine animal. ( Armstrong, 1981 ) Future With all the progresss that the universe has made in the past seven centuries, it is unthinkable that such a catastrophe could take topographic point once more. Rarely in the US do you happen a topographic point where rat and adult male live so harmoniously with one another. But other parts of the universe are non so fortunate. The most recent eruption of Bubonic Plague was in India and it didn t go on a few hundred old ages ago. It happened in 1994. The job with solved with a $ 30 million loan from the World Bank which they used to relocated 52 small towns which the authorities saw as job countries. Research workers think that the eruption was caused by an temblor that stirred up the B which can put hibernating in the dirt for two or three decennaries, but they say that the conditions of the small town favorite invasion. Relatively few people died in this recent outbreak thanks to what one small town leaders calls beautiful antibiotics. With five yearss of unwritten antibiotic therapy utilizing a inexpensive, readily available drug called Achromycin, bubonic pestilence is 100 % curable ( Garret, 1994 ) . Thankss to medical scientific discipline, the muss in India was cleared up with really few deceases and the universe can be grateful that they will neer hold to see life as 1000000s in the fourteenth century did. Mentions Armstrong, K ( 1981 ) . The coming of the pestilence to Italy. New York: Weber Printing Biel, T ( 1989 ) . The black decease. San Diego: Aglow Books. Deaux, G. ( 1969 ) . The black decease. New York: Weybright and Talley Ellis, E. A ; Esler, A. ( 1997 ) . World history. Upper Saddle River: Prentic-Hall, Inc. Garrett, L. ( 1994 ) . Anatomy of a pestilence. New York: Webb Publishing. Hecker, J. ( 1992 ) . Black decease depredations Europe. Babington: Bureau of Electronic Publishing, Inc. Strayer, J. ( 1972 ) . Dictionary of the in-between ages. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons Walker, J. ( 1992 ) . Famine, drouth, and pestilences. New York: Glaucestu Press.

Biological Psychology free essay sample

Biological Psychology Melissa Thompson University of Phoenix Biological Psychology When most hear the words biological/psychology, many tend to have trouble rapping their mind around it. Psychology is the study of behavior, so how does biology fit into this equation? Well we have to assume that our brain has influence or somehow effects are behavior. In order to prove or disprove this theory, we have to research the biology and psychology of both the brain and our behavior. So how do we do this, well first we have to understand the brain and how it functions, as humans we have roughly 100 billion nerve cells in the brain. This is an overwhelming amount to keep track of at one time but ever so important to researchers. Nerve cells in the brain can be a study guide because they have specific ways of acting or interacting when we expel certain behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of course researchers are still in the infancy stage of completely understanding or being able to identify every aspect of what are brain is doing when we expel certain behaviors. If Researchers could figure out the complications of the brain and behavior those complications cause, they will be able to make amazing discoveries, for the world of biopsychology. Such as curing diseases and understanding some of the most mysterious disorders. In the beginning, biological psychology started back as far as Avicenna, Avicenna was a Persian psychologist whose specialty was in treatment of illness caused by emotions, he also gave humans a way to link changes in a human’s pulse with their feelings. From there, biological psychology was incorporated in Descartes’ mind body approach to mental health and medicine. During the time of Descartes the big question remained are the mind and body connected? Do they work together with a soul or sprit? Or do they operate in a mechanical function with the body? Descartes focused his research on innate ideas, such as reflex action and mind and body interactions. Descartes believed that the pineal gland, which is a structure in the human brain, was the connection between the mind and body. From Descartes’ ideas came Descartes’ innate doctrine, Descartes doctrine explains that the mind can exist without the body. The mind is an immaterial substance, the mind and body are not identical. Of course, as science seems to go forward more and more proof points to the two, mind and body being intertwined. Knight Dunlap, advanced the information on biopsychology with a book he wrote called â€Å"An Outline of Psychology,† and â€Å"Psychobiology,† William James, also wrote a text book called, â€Å"The Principles of Psychology. † While, the main idea of biopsychology did not originate with these two men. What there impute in this text did, was to open the door for psychology and biology, to be studied together instead of as a separate entities. Biological psychology consists of many different areas, such as paleontology, evolutionary biology, neurobiology, and neuroscience. Much of the research being done is in hopes of helping individuals who suffer from cognitive disorders, many times accompanied with physical deficits. Such as autism and Alzheimer’s. Biopsychology is also committed to finding solution to such disorders as schizophrenia, and depression. The general idea is that these disorders are somehow related to the chemical imbalances in the human brain. These imbalances make neurons tramitions dysfunctional, and like I said previously, with 100 billion neurons to watch and research, in this is a field of study. There is still a long way to go to be successful in the ultimate mission. Conclusion The field of biological psychology is an attempt to answer many questions; such as, is homosexuality biological based or an individual choice? The same with alcohol and drug addiction is it biological or an implication of a weak character? These are just a few of the question’s psychological biology theories hope to answer one day through reasearch. It is important to understand how the behavior and brain are connected. There are many alcoholics and homosexuals who would be eternally grateful to know for a fact that there disease is biologically based and it is not something they them selves have done wrong. So where do we go in the way of biopsychology? In each disorder the tramition of the neurons is disrupted, meaning that if researchers can narrow down where the disruption occurs, and when the effects of the mood beings References: Descartes, Rene, (1986) Descartes psychology by J. Cottingham, Cambridge: Cambridge Cottingham J. (1986) University Presshttp://fatimahye. muslimpad. om/2010/03/05/descartes-mindbody-dualism/ Cochran R. Barbra (2003-2010) what is Biological Psychology, http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-biological-psychology. htm . (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 23, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/458833/biological-psychology Hernandez Carrie Ann (2002-2010) what is Biological Psychology? http://www. helium. co m/items/1415090-psychology-what-is-biological-psychology Breedlove S. Marc, Rozenzweig R. Mark, Watson V. Neil Learning Biological Psychology http://www. biopsychology. com/5e/lbp5e/home/home. html

Computers have made life easier and more convenient essays

Computers have made life easier and more convenient essays Computer have made life easier and more convenient I have been working for several years utilizing computer. From my experience, I can tell how important is to have a computer in our everyday life. Computer is the absolute requirement of the new millennium. Everybody needs to be computer literate these days, so they can compete with rapidly changing technology. An industry widely using computer is the automotive industry. To make our life easier and more convenient in the automotive industry, a computer can be used in many different ways, such as design, transfer data, and some testing or studies. In the automotive industry computers perform a very important job in design. Design is one of the most important areas in the automotive industry where the computer is used repeatedly. Before the computer was developed for this kind of work, all design was done on a board. It took months to design a part and years to complete a whole design process. The work on a board was difficult and time consuming, especially because the tolerances in design are critical so that the quality of lines is very important. To check drawings on a board also took a lot of time to be able to figure out a 2D design. When the drawing came back from the checking department, the work was really stressful and again it took a few days or weeks to redraw the part to keep the drawing with the same quality. In contrast to working on aboard, a computer is making life much easier. It will still take time to introduce the idea of what needs to be designed, but to draw the lines or solids is very quick. Most importa ntly, the parts can be design in 3D, which is very helpful because the parts can be easily compared with other parts to see if there is any interference between them. This is making the work for design more efficient. To make changes on the computer is so easy, and it takes only a few hours when the changes are small to a few days when the changes are ...

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

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The Role And Functions Of Media Media Essay

The Role And Functions Of Media Media Essay The media is analysed in two ways here as an informative aspect as well as a form of entertainment. Freedom of expression is usually questioned in the media, how free is the media allowed to be? Isnt the media always controlled? What is the role of media in society? Is everyone in society treated equally in the media, when being reported on? Introduction: It is often a belief that the media is a rather powerful tool, one that gets blamed for all the wrong that occurs in society. What we read in the papers and view on television is usually what we believe. This study unit focuses on the functions of the media and what its role in society should be. In other words the function and the role of the media in society within the context of functionalism as a theoretical paradigm. 1. What is functionalism?: Definition: Functionalism refers to a system, a belief in function over form. Functionalism with regard to the media refers to how the media operates as a whole system in society to help create a balance in society. Society as an integrated, harmonious and cohesive whole. Different social systems function to maintain equilibrium, consensus and social order. Media as a powerful socialisation instrument should contribute towards integration, harmony and cohesion through information, entertainment and education. Functions of the media: Wrights model of functions: Main functions of the media are to inform and entertain  ® this allows the media to contribute manifestly or latently to cultural growth for individuals and society. Though its rather a simplistic model especially when it comes to the political functions of the media An example, think of a documentary Special Assignment this genre aims to educate and inform society on issues of reality.  ® Latent: existing but not yet active or developed.  ® Manifest: clear and obvious to see or understand. MODEL OF FUNCTIONS: Inventory of questions What are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1. The manifest 2. Latent 3. Functions and 4. Dysfunctions of mass communicated 5. Surveillance (news) 6. Correlation (selection) 7. Cultural transmission 8. Entertainment for the 9. Society 10. Individual 11. Subgroups 12. Cultural systems? Objections (Short comings) to Functionalism: Functionalism takes for granted that agreement prevails over, and disregards conflict in society. The media will not have the same functions for all the people in society. Interpreted differently by individuals. Cultural barriers could arise when interpreting different media Functionalism does not account for social change  ® well established democratic societies Vs societies in the process of transformation. Neglects to provide for feedback (seeing that feedback modifies both the message and the context) MCQUAILS TYPOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS: (Functions / tasks of the media) Information: the media (can) : with examples Provide information about events and conditions in society and the world Indicate relations of power Facilitate innovation, adaptation and progress Correlation: the media (can) Explain, interpret and comment on the meaning of events and information Provide support for established authority and norms Socialise Co-ordinate separate activities Contribute to consensus building Set orders of priority and by so doing signal the status of a topic Continuity: the media (can) Express the dominant culture and recognise subcultures and new cultural developments Forge and maintain commonness of values Entertainment: the media (can) Provide amusement, diversion and the means of relaxation Reduce social tension Mobilisation: the media (can) Provide social objectivity in issues such as war and politics and economic development Nevertheless Denis McQuail argues Functionalist models provide us with basic ideas about the role of the media in society. As such, they provide a structured framework for reviewing the significant tasks of media as key socialization and ideological instruments Plurality in the media: Media plurality refers to the diversity in media content available to society. Media should exist in various forms such as radio, television, and print among other forms catering for all of society. Think of DSTV as an example  ® does a wide range of channels mean a wider range of program content? Are more groups of people catered for with the diversity of channels? Plurality aims to produce democracy and freedom in the media. The Political functions of media the case of Pluralism: To inform about political developments. To guide public opinion about political decisions. To express different views about political development and decisions. To criticise political developments and decisions. The media can only be empowered to perform these functions ifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Media policy ensures media pluralism (the existence of different media: various newspapers, radio stations, television stations, magazines, films and so on. Media content reflect social plurality. Types: Internal plurality: differences within the information and entertainment content of newspapers, radio and television stations  ® should be balanced, offer different opinions etc. External plurality: differences between different newspapers, radio and television stations. Levels: Micro-plurality: Concerns each medium on its own; internal; the variety of perspectives and voices within a single outlet. Like a specific radio station Meso-plurality: Concerns media categories; the variety of choices available within the same category. Macro-plurality: Concerns all the media, regardless of category, available in a society; the variety of choices. All media in society You must understand and be able to explain each theory and to integrate it practically in a case study. In the assignment, you had to integrate a specific theory into the article provided. In the examination you will be given a similar case study and asked to explain the specific theory referred to. Please ensure, therefore, that you familiarise yourself with the various theories. Media Theories Normative theory: (theories are concerned with): Views about the ideal role of the media in society, both to the power structure the recipient. Theories are concerned with issues like Control Regulation And objectives of the media Concerned with restrictions on the media in various situations. Authoritarian theory: MAIN press theory the media according to this theory is controlled and presented according to societies best interests. (Press is a mouthpiece of government) Dictatorial societies. Justifies government suppression of the media in extraordinary circumstances Assumptions: Media should not undermine government, vested powers and interests Media should be subordinate. Should not contravene prevailing moral and political values. Censorship is justified. Editorial attacks on government = criminal offences. The media under these governments should propagandise the governments ideology. E.g like Hitler and in Zimbabwe Analyse article and then integrate the normative media theory, namely the Libertarian theory into article below. Explain the Libertarian theory; practically integrate the belief in the theory into article (describe how journalists reporting on this case tie into the belief of the Libertarian theory. Libertarian theory: Provides a philosophical basis for the on-going, three-way relationship between the news media, government and society. This duty and right seeks to maximize the freedom of the press, and in effect be a watchdog towards the state. MAIN press theory Media should be able to publish what they see fit, the media is also allowed to publish information against the ruling power and society should interpret the messages accordingly. (Example of article) People are rational beings capable of distinguishing between truth and falsehood, and between good and evil. Give them all factual information and let them decide. (Example of article) Its the responsibility of the media to keep the citizens of a country duly informed of the actions of its government. By having written this article, Boyle is performing this duty set out by the libertarian theory. Assumptions: The media is a source of information. The media is a platform for expression of divergent opinions. Free from government control. Media should be free from external censorship. Should be accessible to any individual or group. Editorial attacks should not be punishable. No coercion to publish anything. No restrictions on the acquisition of information. No restrictions on import and export of information across borders The media should be free from censorship that is external from it, so that certain officials from a political party cant restrict or delete certain remarks that were made to the public because they would want to dictate what the public reads and what not. Publication should be free without a licence for the people reading the material. There are no restrictions like this in South Africa currently. If there are any editorial attacks on government it should not be punishable; this paves the way for free speech like the article of Boyle, giving his opinion and informing the public. There should be no compulsion to publish anything as this will give an unjust and skew view of what is happening in South Africa. With parties exerting their power to help their own cause. The acquisition of information should not be restricted if they are obtained through legal channels. For instance the number of South African Police Service members that were suspended because of corruption those are available thus it can be published if the journalist wishes and to inform the public. There should be no restriction so that information about the country may or may not be imported or exported. Social responsibility theory: Variation of first 2 theories media should be equal and fair in its reporting of incidents and issues. It must be diverse and responsible towards society. Based on the following premises: Reconcile the ideas of freedom and independence with responsibility towards society. Media should support democratic political principles. Create a form for different viewpoints. Should meet certain standards. How? Through regulatory bodies, independent of government. (E.g. ICASA for broadcast and telecommunication and the Press Ombudsman for newspapers.) Professional bodies such as the South African National Editors Forum (SANEF) Basic principles: Media should accept responsibility towards society. Set professional standards (truth, accuracy, objectivity, balance) Self-regulate Avoid information that could lead to crime, violence or social disruption. Not offend ethnic or religious minorities. Be representative of all social groups. Reflect the diversity of society. Intervention if the media fail to meet these standards. Soviet communist theory: Variation of first two theories Media must work and be owned by the working class. Main assumptions: Act in the interest of, and be controlled by the working class. Media should not be privately owned. Socialisation, education, information, motivation, mobilisation. Media should respond to needs of recipients. Society can use censorship. Marxist-Leninist view of society must be reflected in programming. Supporting progressive (communist) movements Development theory: Independent of these theories because of the unique conditions in third world countries Individuals as well as minority groups must be catered for by the media. Basic assumptions: Media should make a positive contribution to the national development process. Economic development and society should be more important than press freedom. National, cultural and language issues should be high on the medias agenda. Media should give preference to information about other developing countries that are geographically, culturally and politically akin to each other Journalists have both responsibilities and liberties in obtaining and distributing information State has the right to intervene by restricting and censoring the media. State subsidiaries and direct control is justifiable The Media Development and Diversity Agency in South Africa Democratic participant theory: This is the outcome of the shortcomings in these theories Reaction against commercialisation and monopolies Against centralisation and bureaucracies in public broadcasting Developed societies EMPHASIS Media multiplicity Small-scale use of media; medias local nature De-institutionalising the media The reciprocal role of communicator and recipients Horizontal communication Interaction and involvement PRINCIPLES: Right of access and right to have needs served by the media Content should not be politically influenced Justified in terms of needs and interests of recipients Groups, orgs and communities should have their own media Small-scale, interactive and participatory forms of media are more beneficial. Local content Social needs are neglected by established media Communication is too important to be left to the professionals Rethinking normative theory: Theories of the functions and roles of the media fall into 2 types of theory: those prescribing normative tasks for the media in society (the theories mentioned above) those describing the real role of the media in society (there are 5 possible paradigms) Liberal-individualist paradigm: emphasis is on individual liberty and upholding democracy. Social responsibility paradigm: the media should contribute to the upliftment of society and its citizens. Critical paradigm: the media should question prevailing and oppressive ideologies. Administrative paradigm: emphasis on professionalism. Cultural negotiation paradigm: emphasis on the rights of subcultures. The media can play one or more of the following roles:  ® Collaborative young and insecure nation, collaborate towards development ideals, nation building and national interest, usually the role the governments want the media to play  ® Surveillance adversarial role, watch-dog and agenda-setter, the media exposes violations of moral and social violations  ® Facilitate create and sustain public debate  ® Critical / dialectical Journalists examine assumptions and premises of a community. Constitute public debate about prevailing political order New thinking about normative theory: Normative theories are changing. It is being questioned by post-modern and post-colonial perspectives: The post-modern perspective: A new media environment In post modern societies the distinction between public and private is blurred, in other words it is difficult to recognise a coherent population with shared values and a single ideal. New channels of public communication have introduced a Multi-media approach, (new technology) interactivity Commercialisation market driven what is interesting, not what is important. Popular culture. New genres infotainment, talk shows, reality tv. Like Idols and Survivor A shift in social responsibility from public organisations (broadcasters) to commercial enterprises. Pluralised society. Acknowledgment of difference and diversity EXAMPLE: Even democracy is seen to be in crisis. Ideal democracy is being questioned Ideal democracy is being questioned as it has become much more fluid and evolving. Democracy in South Africa is also seen as complex and diverse why? For the post modernists, both society and the media have become so complex, diverse and abundant with choices, so overloaded with media genres, outlets, products, meanings and messages, that normative media theory had lost its grip. (Fourie 2007:206) The post-colonial perspective: de-westernising Colonial: Relating to the colonies of the former British Empire Post colonial: Existing or occurring after the end of colonial rule and the gaining of political independence. This is seen as a product of the Western way of thinking about the role of the media in society the idea of de-Westernising media theory and specifically normative media theory is not new Post-colonialism and comparative theory provide the groundwork for investigating ubuntuism in South Africa (Africa) as a framework for changing normative theory from an Afro-centric viewpoint. Some norms set for the media can be regarded as very Eurocentric and bias. It emphasises the need to develop comparative theories that consciously avoid ethnocentric bias, to focus on elements that appear to be universal in most societies. Revisiting normative media theory in South Africa: Although the post-modern argument is eagerly adopted by the South African market, post-colonial theory provides a foundation for investigating the philosophy of Ubuntu in SA as a framework for the revision of normative theory, using an Afro-centric perspective. Ubuntuism as an African moral philosophy. (why or why not can it work as a normative theory) What is Ubuntu as a normative theory: Ubuntuism places the emphasis on sharing and participation in collective life, which is in contrast to Western individualistic freedom of the self. A person is defined with reference to the community or A person is born for the other. Emphasis on community and collectively. We need to be careful not to see collectivism in the sense of communism or socialism, but rather to see the individual as a unique centre of shared life. Community is the context in which personhood is defined. Negotiation, inclusiveness, transparency and tolerance. Ubuntu as a normative theory: when it comes to mass communication the emphasis is on community and collectivity when it comes to public interest the emphasis is on the community A media that provides freedom of expression, space for the concerns, ideas and opinions of the community. Freedom of expression is measured in terms of the wellbeing of the community. When it comes to public interest, the same emphasis would be placed on the community. Thus Stimulating citizen and community participation. It is therefore important that the journalist should act (ethically) in harmony with the morality or principles of the community. This is therefore a journalism that does not place a high value on objectivity. The journalist needs to get involved in dialogue with the community. Whatever goes to print should be assessed in terms of the impact of the story on the community. Fourie (2007) argues that South Africa should adopt the post-modern acknowledgement of difference and diversity. In this way South African media would reflect the realities of South African society. In practice this requires reporting that: Stimulates interaction among citizens and reporters and between citizens and politicians Enables people to come to terms with their everyday experiences Acknowledges the complexity of a matter or an issue Is not the hurried conclusion of an observer Penetrates the moral dynamics underlying the issue Is interpreted against the background of the communitys contexts, beliefs, values and needs. Ubuntus role: Bonding a community Dialogue towards reaching consensus based on the social values and morals in and of a community SA suited for postmodern thought, thus including UBUNTU How does ubuntuism differ from the functions and social responsibility of the media in western normative theory? Western media thought and focus: Information, surveillance, entertainment and educational roles Media freedom and right to protection in order to be able to fulfil its social responsibility The individual right to information, surveillance, entertainment and education The emphasis thus moves: From the media as informant, gatekeeper, entertainer and educator TO media as mediator From the media as observer TO the media as participant and negotiator. May have negative consequences for freedom of expression: Fourie mentions May have severe media restrictions, (as in the history of apartheid where the country excluded the majority from rights) with regard to patriotic media Distinctiveness of ubuntu as an African moral philosophy compared to Western communitarianism and its associated civic journalism Changed nature of contemporary African culture and values, values often far removed from traditional African culture and values Political misuse of moral philosophy Nature of media in a globalised world and the changed nature of the media landscape needs to be considered. Entertainment: Much of the media produced today serves for the purpose of entertainment Inform and educates on a latent and manifest level the five motifs prerequisite for experiencing pleasure and gratification identity, = entertainment focuses on human relations ability, = gives problem-solving possibilities survival, =awareness of eternal values (freeing from anxiety about destruction and death) understanding = of reality and knowledge. shedding new light on reality (youre not alone) From a rhetorical perspective the individual determines their interpretation of entertainment  ® according to identity, social relation You can consider family series, police and action dramas or situation comedies, soap operas, game shows, From a behavioural perspective entertainment is associated with the human ability to identify with others project and introject feelings but also with distancing from others Entertainment also makes a visual impact on the viewer Viewers become outsiders (not participants) Entertainment content (like any form of play) is always voluntary. Introjection = viewer adopts feelings of other party Projection = viewer projects feelings on other party (actors, characters) People are entertained when they produce their own opinions on these situations. Study Unit 5 (Chap 5) The Effects of mass communication (Effect Studies) Importance of understanding media effects: Strategic importance: to understand that messages specific response certain circumstance = strategically important in political, social awareness, marketing and advertising campaigns. Scientific importance: contributes to the beneficial use of the media for the improvement of peoples circumstance and society in general Ethical importance: Responsibility of communication workers to know about the possible consequences of their work on the lives of people and society Effects studies seek to discover describe and explain the medias specific effects on our behaviour and thinking in a specific way. E.G. The impact of pornography, violence and / or crime portrayed in and by the media on peoples behaviour. Makes use of mainly quantitative research techniques such as content analysis, survey research. CATEGORISING MEDIA AFFECTS: Write a paragraph in which you discuss the media effects that can be identified in these articles. Behavioral effects: Cognitive effects Media messages can affect our knowledge and thinking about something (e.g. thinking about racism) Affective effects Media messages can affect our feelings about something (e.g. child abuse, terrorism, violence.) Cognitive effects Media messages can affect our behaviour towards something or someone (e.g. contribute to political rising against a government, org or group Manifest and latent effects Manifest when we know that we have been influenced by media messages Latent when we are not aware of its influence Intended and unintended effects May have been planned to achieve a specific effect (e.g. HIV awareness campaign may be intended to warn people against disease Or not planned or intended (e.g. May teach certain people how to spread the disease Time-scale effects Short term message exposure Exposure to single message like one programme after that person forgets about it Intermediate message exposure Exposure to a series of related messages like a series on TV (e.g product campaign, stopping smoking) Long term exposure Many exposures to related messages over time (e.g. media violence, pornography or awareness of environmental issues) may change our response or behaviour over a long time McQuail main kinds of media-induced effects: Intended change Unintended change Minor change (intended or not) Reinforcing what already exists (no change) The media can prevent change Planned and unplanned effects: Planned effects: Propaganda An ongoing campaign to influence peoples minds by focusing on negative aspects of an opponent / topic. Withholding positive or objective information E.g. in the political arena Agenda-setting Framing Media campaigns An advertising campaign to promote a specific product or educational development. E.g. Topic people knew initially little or nothing about like global warming and its effects Knowledge distribution Unplanned effects: The medias contribution to cultural change The medias contribution to Socialisation Reality defining the medias interpretations of the realities of daily life and how we should understand them Media violence if the film or tv programme causes violent behaviour in an individual or amongst group The medias contribution to Institutional change The medias contribution to Collective reaction Effect theories: Short-term theories: The hypodermic needle theory Two-step-flow theory The uses and gratification theory Long-term theories: Accumulation theory Diffusion of innovation theory Modelling theory Social expectation theory Meaning theory Stereotype theory Agenda-setting theory Framing Spiral of silence theory List the theories and briefly discuss Also list some of own examples to illustrate the theories discussed 1. Short-term theories: The hypodermic needles theory: What do the media do to people? Certain values, ideas and attitudes are injected into the individual media user, resulting in particular behaviour. The recipient is seen as a passive and helpless victim of media impact. Anomie state to which a group or individual is prone when they feel that their accepted values, norms and culture is threatened Usually in countries in the throes of change. New legislations and media reports on them extensively, reflecting on thinking of society, infusing moral debates often to the point of mass hysteria. (e.g. Malema AWB.) Two-step-flow theory: What do people do to the media? Mediating factors. Media users are not at the mercy of the media, but selectively expose themselves on the basis of culture, education, expectations etc. Thus exposing themselves selectively to what they agree to or understand Family, colleagues and friend filter media users interpretation and experience, acting as buffer for one-sided interpretations Opinion leaders represent a further buffer In a commercial media system, media represents a divergent of interpretations on a certain topic The uses and gratifications theory: What do people to with the media? Diversion As a distraction to escape from their routines and problems The gratification is an emotional release of a temporary nature Personal relations Interaction with others, discussing what they have read, seen or listened to The gratification is one that provide content of companionship and sociability Personal identity Media content is used to explore, challenge, adjust or confirm personal identity Use content to compare themselves and their values and situations with those of others Surveillance Media users need and get information about issues that can affect them directly or indirectly The gratification is one that satisfies the need for information about immediate and distant world circumstances 2. Long-term theories: Accumulation theory: Media focus (a newspaper or different newspapers by example) repeatedly + consistent + over a long period, focus on a specific topic= changes in beliefs, attitudes and behaviour. Focus attention and produce messages on specific problems or issues (E.g. race, discrimination, the environment, social habits, crime, divorce, style, sex, politics) Over extended period of time focus stays and presentation corroborate each other Individuals become aware of these messages, and a growi

Consumer Benefits and Controversy of High Fructose Corn Syrup Essay exa

The Bittersweet Truth to High Fructose Corn Syrup This paper is about high fructose corn syrup, a widely used sweetener made from corn. It discusses the history behind it and explains the process through which it is made and why it is used so widely. It also discusses the link between high fructose corn syrup and obesity. This research paper provides and in-depth explanation of the consumer advantages of high fructose corn syrup as well as the controversy behind its labeling as natural. Most people cannot resist the sweet taste of candy, cookies, cake, or anything else you can think of. The majority of Americans have plenty of these products in their pantries, ready to be eaten. These people think that they are just eating junk food full of sugar, but almost everything that is sweet that you buy at the supermarket is chock full of something even worse, high fructose corn syrup. High fructose corn syrup is extremely soluble and mixes well in many foods. A lot of companies are willing to use it because it is cheap to produce in large quantities, unbelievably sweet and tasty, and extremely easy to store. There is a lot of controversy over high fructose corn syrup because of its questionable health effects, taste, and labeling as a natural ingredient. Even though high fructose corn syrup is a relatively recent development in food products around the world, there is a lot of history behind how it is made and why it is used in such a variety of edible goods. A scientist named Yoshiyuki Matsuoka-Naoi Takasaki patented high fructose corn syrup in 1971 while working for a government-affiliated laboratory in a large city in Japan. But it wasn't until 2001, shortly after the United States of America Surgeon General, Dr. Da... ... and the rest of the world will find themselves in an inescapable abyss. Works Cited B. Guggenheim, Zurich. Health and Sugar Substitutes. Switzerland: S. Karger, 1979 Forristal, Linda Joyce. "The Murky World of High-Fructose Corn Syrup." In the Kitchen with Mother Linda. 12 Mar 2003. The Weston A. Prince Foundation . 28 Jul 2007 . "High Fructose Corn Syrup Facts." HFCS Facts. 2007. The Corn Refiners Association. 23 Jul 2007 . Hopkins, Kate. "Why Coke Uses High fructose corn syrup." Accidental Hedonist. 01 Jan 2006. 23 Jul 2007 . National Academy of Sciences. Sweeteners Issues and Certainties. 4th Edition. Washington D.C.: Academy Forum, 1975.